Tag: brain

The Gut – Brain Connection

Today’s post is about the Gut – Brain connection.

Last week I read an article about studies in the UK and Australia, which found that eating fruit and vegetables makes people happy.

The U.K. study of 45,000 people concluded that eating fruit and vegetables several times a week, generated an increase in life satisfaction.

The Australian study consisted of more than 7000 people. It found a link between a diagnosis of depression and the minimal consumption of fruit and vegetables.

The reason behind these results is the gut microbiome.

I have previously written about different aspects of our gut microbiome in relation to our health. (Red wine and Gut health, Gut health and Strawberries, Smoothies)

Today I will write about the gut connection with the brain and how that can impact on our health. Scott is currently studying this particular subject at the moment, so I have lots of research material at my disposal.

About the microbiome

The human gut microbiome contains resident microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. These have an important role in nutrient and mineral absorption. In synthesis of enzymes, vitamins and amino acids, and production of short-chain fatty acids. They assist with energy extraction from diet, with metabolism and help control local inflammation.

Several studies have shown that the intestinal microbiome are integral in modulating the risk of several chronic diseases.

At the same time, it is now understood that diet plays a significant role in shaping the microbiome. Experimental studies showing an acute change in diet can induce temporary changes within 24 hrs.

These recorded benefits have led to further study in the ability to modify the gut microbiota through diet.

The brain connection

Our brain, being the major part of our body’s central nervous system is always in communication with the gastrointestinal tract, or gut. There is mounting data that gut microbiota is the source of a number of substances which affect regions of the brain.

These regions are involved in the control of emotions, cognition and physical activity.

On the flip side, studies also suggest that overwhelming systemic stress and inflammation can also produce acute changes in the microbiome.

All of this research is telling us that the brain and the gut have a very interdependent relationship.

and then diet…

Studies as early as 1977 showed that diet could effect the composition of the gut microbiome. Since then, hundreds of different studies and experiments have been conducted in this field.

Several diets, including Western, gluten-free, omnivore, vegetarian, vegan and Mediterranean, have been studied for their ability to modulate the gut microbiota.

Across the spectrum of studies, the Mediterranean diet is highly regarded as a healthy balanced diet. Most notable is the high intake of fibre and low glycemic carbohydrates. There is also a relatively greater vegetable intake than animal protein. These are important factors in keeping the gut microbiota balanced, which is critical for a healthy immune system.

The close relationship between diet, the gut microbiome and health, shows how we may improve our overall health by modulating our diet.

Already the gut microbiome has been found to influence the response to cancer immunotherapy. Alterations of gut microbiota have also been associated with treating mood and depressive disorders.

So the takeaway from this research is – eat fruit and vegetables regularly to maintain good gut health and good mental health.

Till the next post,

Live clean n prosper

Some information about Pain

Today I’m writing about ‘pain’.

We all deal with some type of pain in our daily lives. Some of us have more to deal with than others. I have had conversations with several people about pain and pain management over the past week, which got me thinking about it.

Pain is complicated for lots of reasons. For one thing, there are many different types — a muscle ache is very different from a pinch or a burn. Plus, some people are more sensitive to pain than others.

 Pain is a survival mechanism that protects us.

When you touch a hot stove, you recoil in pain. That sensation helps you avoid getting a burn that could be dangerous. The throbbing of a broken foot tells you to stay off it until it heals, so you don’t do more damage. Without those signals, we’d all be in trouble.

Some pain is straightforward. When you burn your skin, pull a muscle or break a bone, you feel immediate discomfort. This short-term effect is called acute pain. Other pain can last months or years and is called chronic pain.

 How does our body deal with pain?

Pain is a kind of perception, similar to smelling, tasting and hearing. In simple terms when you suffer an injury, your nervous system is in charge of delivering the news. If you twist your ankle, nerve cells in your ankle pick up the signal that something’s wrong. A network of nerve cells relays this message to the spinal cord. From there, it shoots up to the brain. The brain then translates the message and registers the feeling.

At the place where pain starts, the body creates and releases several chemicals. These chemicals tell the body to send more blood flowing to the painful area. The extra blood flowing to the area includes white blood cells. These white blood cells bring prostaglandin, which creates inflammation and increases the painful feeling.

Inflammation is one way that the body responds to cellular injury. Beyond pain, it often triggers swelling, redness and heat. The nerves themselves represent a second source of pain.

 Treatment

Unfortunately, treatment is complex and uniquely personal. Diagnosis, biology and personal history all play a role, and finding pain therapies that bring adequate relief can be an effort.

Obviously the best way to treat pain is to eliminate the cause and this is not always possible. Many people have to rely on medications to help them manage their pain.

Different types of medication work in different ways. However, in short, pain medicine is used to block the processes that cause the feeling of pain. They don’t fix the problem; they just short-circuit the communication to the brain.

The most commonly prescribed medications for pain management include two categories of drugs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin or ibuprofen and opioids, such as codeine or morphine.

*NSAIDs stop your body from making prostaglandins and inhibit certain enzymes in your body that are released during tissue damage. This reduces the inflammation as well as the communication to the brain.

*Opioid medications, just like real opium, mimic the natural pain-relieving chemicals — endorphins — produced by your brain. These drugs “turn down the volume” on the pain signals your nervous system sends through your body. They also muffle other nerve cell functions, such as your breathing, heart rate and level of alertness.

 The other side of treatment

After a medicine has been distributed throughout the body and has done its job, the drug is then metabolised.

Many types of medication can cause serious side effects. Opioids can cause addiction, especially if used over a longer period of time. NSAIDs can lead to stomach ulcers and damage to the kidneys.

Everything that enters the bloodstream — whether swallowed, injected, inhaled or absorbed through the skin — is carried to the body’s chemical processing plant, the liver.

The liver’s job is to then detoxify these medications and remove the byproducts resulting from the process of metabolism. In many cases, the liver is able to metabolise these (and other toxins) without significant damage to the organ itself.

However, when medications are taken in excess, the frequency of use is hourly or daily, or when multiple substances (including alcohol) are consumed simultaneously – there can be significant, cumulative damage to the liver.

For these reasons, people often turn to complementary or alternative medicine to ease their pain.

This is of course a whole other article, maybe the next post.

Till then,

 Live clean n Prosper.

(Sources – www.medicalnewstoday.com, www.livescience.com, www.mayoclinic.org, www.sciencenewsforstudents.org )

The brain, food and our weight.

Today I’m writing about the brain, how it’s affected by food and it’s connection to our weight.

With Scott’s study we have some interesting conversations. Usually about the latest things he has learned. Most recently we were discussing the role of our brain plays in regards to our weight and how it’s affected by food.

I thought I would share what we have learned.

How food affects our brain

Interestingly, of our total energy input, our brain actually uses up to 20% of our body’s energy resources. The different compounds in foods affect the production of hormones in our brain, which in turn, govern our moods.

The micronutrients in fruits & veg, such as antioxidants, help to reduce free radicals in the brain, which destroy brain cells. Essential fatty acids such as omega 3 & 6 are essential for the creation and maintenance of brain cell membrane. Proteins & amino acids affect how we feel and behave. The vitamins B6, B12 & folic acid help prevent brain disease.

Most of the energy comes from processing the carbohydrates we eat, to blood sugar.

The types of carbohydrates we eat have different effects on the levels of blood sugar. There are basically 3 types of carbohydrates, starch, sugar & fibre. The ratio of these in the food affects how the body and brain respond.

Simple carbohydrates has less fibre and are therefore processed quickly. This creates more energy, however it is not sustainable. This results in an energy deficit or slump.

Having a diet that contains a broad selection of foods help keep everything balanced.

So we know that different food affects the brain. What is really interesting is that the brain then regulates how much we eat and use for energy according to our weight.

Is the brain connected to our weight?

Researchers in 1982 theorised that the brain has a ‘body weight set point’. Which means that the brain actually has a say in how we put on, or lose weight.

This is the reason that many people plateau when actively trying to lose weight. It is also why many people put the weight back on after losing it.

The set-point theory suggests that body weight is regulated at a predetermined, or preferred, level by a feedback control mechanism. Information from the body is carried to a central controller in the brain, located in the hypothalamus.

The controller uses the information to modulate food intake or energy expenditure to correct any deviations in body weight from the set-point. (Source – www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/)

According to this theory, body fat percentage and body weight are matters of internal controls that are set differently in different people.

There are several different theories on how to re-set the body’s set-point. Some say it can be done through diet, others say constant intense exercise.

I think that this will vary for each individual as much as our internal controls are different.

Either way, I found it quite interesting to learn about this particular ‘brain – body’ connection.

 Till the next post,

Live clean n prosper.